The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay The given assignment is done with the soul purpose of developing an intense knowledge and understanding of vibrational behaviour and dynamic response of structures. The assignment aims to apply up to date methods of structural dynamics in aerospace and aerospace system engineering. Here we use Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite Element method to obtain the natural frequency and mode shape of the given cantilever beam. 1. Rayleigh-Ritz Method Rayleigh-Ritz method is an extension of the Rayleigh method which was developed by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Walter Ritz. Its one of the widely used method to calculate more accurate value of fundamental frequency, further it also gives approximations to the higher frequencies and mode shapes. In the Ritz method the single shape function is replaced by a series of shape functions multiplied by constant coefficients, that is the single function of deflection choose in Rayleigh method is assumed to be a sum of several functions multiplied by constant coefficients. The coefficients values are modified by reducing the frequency with respect to each of the coefficients, which result in n algebraic equations in. The solution of these equations will give the value of natural frequency and mode shapes of the system. It should be taken into account that the success of the method is only possible so long as the shape function taken satisfies the geometric boundary conditions of the problem. The method should also be differentiable to the order of the derivatives of the equations. Here the function can ignore discontinuities like shear due to concentrated masses that involve third derivatives in beam. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is done by assuming the deflection curve of the beam by The function are the assumed displacement functions that satisfy geometrical boundary conditions. For a cantilever beam the boundary conditions are They are selected such that it is possible to obtain a good approximation to each of the required natural modes by superposition. The quantities are generalized coordinates representing contributions of each assumed functions. For a beam divided into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºn span wise stations the total differential equation can be formulate using Lagrange equation as Putting as a solution , where the amplitude of the displacement is, is the frequency and is the phase angle. This set of characteristics equations can be solved for n discrete values of . This equation can easily be put into a matrix form for numerical calculation as For a beam divided into n span wise station the mass and stiffness terms can be formulated into matrices as Where = matrix of assumed modes = mass matrix = matrix of weighting coefficients = rigidity matrix Hence we write as The above equation is considered to be convenient for computation, but has limitations in the manner of expressing the strain energy. Given Data Length L=1.5 Modulus of Elasticity E=74 GPa Poissons Ratio P=0.33 Material density The depth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.3 at the fixed end to 0.1 at the free end. The breadth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.02 at the fixed end to 0.005 at the free end. The assumed modes are given by the polynomial function: MATLAB Operation >> L=1.5 L = 1.5000 >>x=[0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6,0.75,0.9,1.05,1.2,1.35,1.5] x = 0 0.1500 0.3000 0.4500 0.6000 0.7500 0.9000 1.0500 1.2000 1.3500 1.5000 >> s=x/L s = 0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 1.0000 >> V1= 2*s.^2-(4/3)*s.^3+(1/3)*s.^4 V1 = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 >> V2=(10/3)*s.^3-(10/3)*s.^4+s.^5 V2 = 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> V=[V1;V2] V = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> dV1=(1/(L.^2))*(4-8*s+4*(s.^2)) dV1 = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 >> dV2= (1/(L.^2))*(20*s-40*(s.^2)+20*(s.^3)) dV2 = 0 0.7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 >> dV=[dV1;dV2] dV = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 0 0 .7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 Weighting matrix can be formulated using Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons rule and Lagranges Interpolation formula. By Lagranges interpolation formula if the beam is divided into 10 equal elements with spacing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºd then weighting matrix is computed as: MATLAB Operation >> d=0.15 d = 0.1500 >> W1=(d/3.7266)*[1,6.616,-3.020,16.954,-16.216,26.599,-16.216,16.954, -3.020, 6.616,1] W1 = 0.0403 0.2663 -0.1216 0.6824 -0.6527 1.0706 -0.6527 0.6824 -0.1216 0.2663 0.0403 >> W=diag(W1) W = 0.0403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0403 Mass matrix is a diagonal matrix representing the mass per unit length at the eleven span wise stations. The matrix can be calculated by Material density = 2700 The depth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Depth Similarly the breadth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Breadth MATLAB Operation >> h=0.3-(s*0.2) h = 0.3000 0.2800 0.2600 0.2400 0.2200 0.2000 0.1800 0.1600 0.1400 0.1200 0.1000 >> b=0.02-(s*0.015) b = 0.0200 0.0185 0.0170 0.0155 0.0140 0.0125 0.0110 0.0095 0.0080 0.0065 0.0050 >> m=2700*diag(b)*diag(h) m = 16.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.9860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.9340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.7500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.3460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1040 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3500 The Second moment of area of the beam is given by MATLAB Operation >> I=diag(h)*(diag(b).^3)/12 I = 1.0e-006 * 0.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1064 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0745 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0027 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0010 Rigidity matrix is the diagonal matrix that gives the product of modulus of elasticity and the second moment of area of the beam about the neutral axis. EI=74000000000*I EI = 1.0e+004 * 1.4800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7877 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0077 Substituting in Rayleigh-Ritz equation: This gives Simplifying The above equation is a quadratic in , which can be solved = Result: The approximate values of the first and second natural frequencies of the given beam under flexural vibrations, by the use of Rayleigh- Ritz method, was found to be 2. Mode shapes Consider the equation Substituting the values of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0578 Substituting the value of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0693 3. Finite Element Method Finite Element Method (FEM) is considered to be one of the profound developments in the static and dynamics analysis of continuous systems. It provides a discrete approximation to vibration of continuous systems. The finite element method can be developed as a special case of the Rayleigh -Ritz method. The method was originally developed for the static- stress analysis of complex distributed parameter structures. Now a days FEM is widely applied to disciplines of heat transfer, electro magnetics, fluid flow and vibrations. In finite element method the structure is divided into a large number of small but finite parts called elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. For each element a displacement function is assumed which satisfies the geometric boundary condition so that continuity is achieved between the elements. The variations in displacement of each element( which can be linear, quadratic etc.), are assumed over the length of the element. This method allows the displacement of any point in the element to be expressed in terms of the displacement at the end of the element. These displacements by finite element terminology are called nodal variables. Unlike Rayleigh-Ritz in finite element method the global coordinate is replaced by a local coordinate where is the length of the element. The kinetic and strain energy of the element is obtained by integrating along the elements length, in terms of the nodal variables. By superposing the energies contributed by the individual elements into which the structure is divided, we can obtain the kinetic and strain energy of the structure or system in terms of the nodal variables of the whole structure. The finite element method is mainly based on variational principles. The method is considered very much versatile and can be used to physical problems with arbitrary shapes, loads and support conditions. The finite element model has a close resemblance to the actual structure. Many general finite element code packages have been written over the years with user friendly windows and menus (GUI) which allow for easy geometry setup, boundary condition manipulation and evaluation/post processing of common structural problems. Some of the most popular codes in the industry are ANSYS, MSC Nastran and MARC. ANSYS will be the code used for this assignment. ANSYS Operation Define Material Step 1: Set preferences Preferences are set in order to filter quantities that pertain to this discipline. Step 2: Define constant material properties. Modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio and Density are defined. Step 3:- Modeling Create the beam with required geometry. Generating Mesh Step 4: Define element type Two element types are defined: a 2-D element and a 3-D element. The beam cross-sectional area is meshed with 2-D elements, and then the area is to be extruded to create a 3-D volume. The mesh will be extruded along with the geometry so 3-D elements will automatically be created in the volume. Step 5: Mesh the area Mesh control are specified in order to obtain a particular mesh density. Element edge length is set at 0.01 Note: Mesh density is very important. If the mesh is too coarse your result can contain serious errors. If the mesh is too fine, would cause waste of computer resources, experience excessively long run time, the model may be too large to be run on the computer system. Unfortunately it cannot be definitively specified how fine the mesh density should be. But one way to find out is to perform the analysis with what seems to be a reasonable mesh. Then reanalyse the problem with twice as many elements in the critical region and compare the results. If the two mesh give the same result then the mesh probably be adequate. If there is substantial difference between the two results then further refinement of the mesh is required. Step 6:- Extrude the meshed area into a meshed volume. The 3-D volume is generated by first changing the element type to SOLID 45, which is defined as element type 2, and then extruding the area into a volume. The number of element divisions is set as 10 Offsets of extrusion are set as 0, 0, 1.5 Tapering ratio is given as 0.33333, 0.25, 0 Apply loads Step 7:- Unselect 2-D elements Before applying constraints to the fixed end of the wing, unselect all the PLANE42 elements used in the 2-D area mesh since they will not be used for the analysis. Step 8:- Apply constraints to the model Constraints will be applied to all nodes located where the wing is fixed to the body. Select all nodes at z = 0, then apply the displacement constraints. Obtain Solution Step 9:- Specify analysis type and options Specify a modal analysis type. Number of modes to be extracted is given as 5 Number of modes to be expanded is given as 5 Step 10:- Solve Observe results Step 11:-List natural frequencies ***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE ***** SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE 1 11.964 1 1 1 2 40.840 1 2 2 3 100.05 1 3 3 4 144.08 1 4 4 5 182.70 1 5 5 Step 12:- Animate the two mode shapes. Set the results for the first mode to be animated. Observe the first mode shape. Animate the next mode shape. Observe the second mode shape. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the other three mode shapes. First Mode Shape Second Mode Shape Third Mode Shape Fourth Mode Shape Fifth Mode Shape 4. Comparison of Rayleigh-Ritz Method and Finite Element Method Rayleigh-Ritz method Rayleigh-Ritz method uses the principle of conservation of energy to formulate the matrix equation.one major advantage of this method is that it allows us to neglect the non-applied forces like forces at a point of rolling contact, forces at frictionless guides etc. Considering the method to be an extension of the Rayleigh method it has an improved accuracy by assuming the deflection curve of the beam to be Nevertheless the assumed function should satisfy all the boundary conditions and should be linearly independent. This can be easily achieved by using polynomial expression to derive the deflection function. Disadvantages and limitations The selection of assumed deflection function requires a good knowledge and expertise of the method Good approximation of the true natural modes are only possible as the assumed function are limited in numbers and nature All n modal solutions will not give a good approximation to the true mode, so it is necessary to discard some higher frequency modes. The approximations are only good for lower modes and it becomes worse for higher modes. The major limitation of this method is in the manner in which the strain energy can be expressed. Finite Element Method The finite element method (its practical application is often as Finite Element Analysis)is a powerful technique developed in the analysis of complex structural mechanics. In this method the structure is divided into large number of finite parts or elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. The elements will have properties like thickness, Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio etc. An assumption is made over the variation over the length of the element. This allows to find the displacement at any point in the given structure by introducing Disadvantages and limitations The method is not considered convenient for simple structures. Its a time consuming operation. Its accuracy depends on the number of elements the structure is divided. It does not provide a closed-form solution, denying analytical study of the effects of changing parameters. It needs a reliable program for support. Creating a good model requires experience. A good amount of data are required and voluminous output must be sorted and studied. Comparison of results Obtained by Rayleigh-Ritz Method Obtained by Finite Element Method % Difference 0.77% 26.82% There is difference of 26.82% for the second frequency of the system. The value obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz method can be brought closer to accuracy by increasing the number of assumed functions and by improving their nature. Normally the approximation becomes worse as we move to higher modes .With use of only two assumed functions, the solutions obtained are considered to be satisfactory. Errors in Rayleigh-Ritz method To use the method with ease the assumed functions are kept as simple as possible by using simple polynomial functions and at fewer times only the functions of sine and cosine are used. There is no exact answer as to which function the good approximate value can be obtained. There are always some terms omitted in the function which results to an ineffective solution. This method is considered to be inflexible as the actual displacement of the structure is restricted to only the shape generated by superposing the finite number of functions selected by the analyst. Recommendation to improve Rayleigh-Ritz method The iterative process can be carried out with each time adding the term in the assumed function until it gives the exact value. Errors in Finite Element method Distorted mesh can result in flawed stiffness and mass terms Errors are always presented at joints and constrained boundaries due to uncertainty. Recommendation to improve Finite Element method Iterative method has to be applied to see the number of elements actually required to break down the structure so as to obtain more accurate value. Appropriate methods should be employed for remeshing like HYPERMESH, Mesh++ based on a posterior error. CONCLUSION The first and second natural frequencies of the given beam are found out by using both Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite element method, and mode shapes for these frequencies are drawn.

Does modern technology make life more convenient Essay

Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? Technology today has definitely made life easier and better. As we look at the technologies, what is modern technology? Technology is part of life and it has greatly improved as time is passing; Scientists are continually working in order to develop useful products, in which facilitate our lives. Even though some people say that technology has lessened our lives’ quality, I think that it has made the world our life more convenient. Technology provides to us a faster ways of locomotion, better knowledge, communication, health issues and solution for environment issues. The computer is one important feature from technology, which is very used by people in order to increase their knowledge. Books are no longer the main way to improve the understanding of a specific matter. Universities are acquiring more and more computers to facilitate the student’s life, and to provide faste r information. Students are using a lot more the Internet, which gives to them the right information without the need of going to a library. For example, a person needs to do a research about a matter, and then instead of going to the library, this person could gather good and diverse information using the Internet. Consequently, heshe would finish hisher research faster than doing it in the library by hand. Technology is helping teachers and students to better understand the content of their subjects, and allows them to develop the teaching and studying methods in order to get more benefits; the role of technology in schools and universities has turned from a simple (computer class or IT class) into a multipurpose learning tool that can change the way we demonstrate concepts, assign projects, and assess programsThus, technology, which created the computer, has definitely helped the universities and the students to get a better knowledge.Nowadays, ways of locomotion such as car, motorcycle, train, and airplane, has facilitated our lives. Centuries ago, the main way to travel a long distance was the ship, or the horse. Today, the airplane is the most useful way to make fast travels, which gives to us more time. For example, comparing with the ship which usually crosses the Atlantic Ocean in one o r two weeks, the airplane can easily cross it in about 10 hours, and is still the safest way to travel in the world. The car and train also have become a very good way to travel, which can bring us closer to our family  and to our work. Because of this, these comfortable automobiles and airplanes have been essential to people’s lives.When we talk about communication, the television, the telephone, and the Internet come into our mind. Their uses are essential to the society, and it has become much easier to communicate by telephone than by mail. Centuries ago, the mail was the main way to communication between people, and it was really slow because it mostly had to be shipped. Therefore, the use of the mail is no longer being used, and the telephone and Internet have taken place of the mail. People can pay bills by the Internet in a safe way and phone familiars instantly. In other words, these ways of communications are a lot faster than it was centuries ago, and it has made our world a better place to live. Take the innovation of e-book for instance. Although quite a few people like to tou ch real papers, they cannot deny every year the industry of book-publishing has consumed a large amount of woods. And many scientists have proposed that one of solutions to green-house issue is preventing forests from decreasing. So, the advent of e-book makes modern people change their traditional reading habit: it allows people to turn virtual pages by tapping the screen and enables to read several books on an electronic device without carrying heavy weights. Obviously, publishers are more likely to present books or magazines through e-book instead of real papers. Due to less needs of printing books, woods can be saved for our future generations. As we know, many technological innovations have been used on researching mental or physical diseases. For example, pregnant women must do many checks during their three trimesters. Doctors use ultrasound facility to check baby’s situation and attain useful information to decide if there is any disease, such as Down’s syndrome. Consequently, if there were no technology assisting doctors to check patients’ bodies, people may struggle with unknown health problems. In conclusion, the reasons above are why I strongly agree that technology has made our life more convenient. The computer, the automobile, the telephone, other machineries for health care and those which can become our solution for environmental problems have surely been essential to us and I think that the world has so many things yet to be developed in order to help the society and make it good place to live. References: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/DA8177ED1A80D332 CA257BF0001B08EE/$File/ocpahfsv5.pdfhttp://www.searo.who.int/publications/journals/seajph/media/2012/seajph_v1n2/whoseajphv1i2p125.pdf?ua=1http://www.essayforum.com/writing-3/technology-modern-life-advantageous-57712/http://www.essayforum.com/writing-3/impact-technology-modern-life-critique-thx-2139/http://www.essayforum.com/writing-3/blessed-modern-tools-technology-7303/

Childhood by Alice Walker

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Teenage Pregnancy Teenage Pregnancy is society s biggest problem, there are so many ways to prevent it, also many advices from people and many decisions a teen parent must make in life. It is today s biggest issue because it affects teen parent s future in many results. The three most important things that it affects is education, financial problems, and being a teenage parent. Those three important things are key to each other in order to succeed in life. Teenage Parents are most likely to struggle with these issues and the child will grow up with many different kinds of problems in their life. Most of that will cause poverty and types of drugs too in their future. The first and most important thing†¦show more content†¦That is why thousands of people come to america to live a better life and have a education but in america teenagers rather have a family at a young age and end their education at that point thinking they’re gonna find a way out but can t. Most teenagers come from other countries that don’t speak english to have a education and a bright future so they won’t go back to poverty like in their home country. Even though they really don’t understand english they try really hard to process school and english at the same time. But some of America’s teenagers don’t care if they can speak english and have a education, they rather pay attention to women and have sexual contact and end their education. Education is special value to everyone and people who had ended their education they regret it because without education they got nowhere in life. This is why education is very important and a special opportunity. The second issue that affects the teenage parents is financial problems. Financial problems is the biggest problem in a teenage parent’s life. Everything in life requires money and payments like food,home,medical and other things like that. How will teenage parents earn money if they’re parents at a young age. If they’re at the age of 16-18 then they probably have a 55% percent chance to get a job if they’re still continuing their education. But if they’re not continuing their education and trying to find a job, they’re likely not going to find a job because

Cloning Of C. Elegans - 907 Words

Introduction In 1993 Victor Ambros and colleagues discovered that lin-4, a gene known to control the timing of C. elegans larval development does not code for a protein but instead produces a pair of small RNAs [1, 2]. For seven years after the discovery of the lin-4 RNA there was no evidence for lin-4-like RNAs beyond nematodes. This all changed upon the discovery that let-7, another gene in the C. elegans encoded a second ~22 nt regulatory RNA. Homologs of the let-7 gene were soon identified in human and fly genomes, and let-7 RNA itself was detected in human, Drosophila, and eleven other bilateral animals [3]. One year later, a total of over one hundred additional genes for tiny noncoding RNAs were detected. The RNA products of these†¦show more content†¦This arrangement provides a convenient mechanism for the coordinated expression of a miRNA and a protein. Regulatory scenarios are easy to imagine in which such coordinate expression could be useful, which would explain the conserved relationships between miRNAs and host mRNAs. A striking example of this conservation involves mir-7, found in the intron of hnRNP K in both insects and mammals [11]. The majority of worm and human miRNA genes are isolated and not clustered. [12, 13] Orthologs of C. elegans lin-4 and let-7 are clustered in the fly and human genomes and are coexpressed, sometimes from the same primary transcript. A 693 bp genomic fragment rescues the lin-4 deficiency, implying that all the elements required for the regulation and initiation of transcription are located in this short segment [1]. Some of the more interesting genomic locations of miRNA genes include those in the Hox clusters. The mir-10 gene lies in the Antennapedia complex of insects and in the orthologous locations in two Hox clusters of mammals [15, 16]. The Hox miRNAs are especially good candidates for having interesting functions in animal development. Nearly all of the cloned miRNAs are conserved in closely related animals such as human and mouse, or C. elegans and C. briggsae [16, 17]. Many mi RNAs are conserved concerved more broadlyShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Study Of C. Elegans793 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific deficient C. elegans mutant have been performed using mammalian orthologues for the deficient gene in question. These phenotypic rescues are done so by the introduction of cDNA of the deficient gene via a plasmid vector. A phenotypic rescue of ngl-2 deficient C. elegans mutants using human and rat NGL-2 cDNA was successful (Calahorro and Ruiz-Rubio 2012). This suggests that orthologous mammal ian genes can be used to perform a phenotypic rescue on a deficient C. elegans, mutant. The aim ofRead MoreA Research Study On Cultured And Handled At 20. 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A common focus of RNAi is targeting cancers, liver disease, and Hepatitis C., by utilizing sm all single and double sided RNA segments that alter the host RNA, allowing for little to no DNA change while stopping the function and reproduction of the target. One of the only downsides to this kind of treatment is that it is nonreversibleRead MoreRapid Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Mapping1859 Words   |  8 PagesChondraah Holmes Dr. Julie Hall Cell Biology Genetics 18 March 2016 Rapid single nucleotide polymorphism mapping in C. elegans Technique Review SNP Mapping Related to the Literature Article Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are any type of variation that can occur in the genome (Jabukowski Kornfeld, 1999). SNP mapping is a well-recognized technique within the field of C. elegans research (Zipperlen et al., 2005, Swan, Curtis, McKusick, Volnov, Mapa, Cancilla, 2002, Kaletta Hengartner, 2006)Read More Functional Genomic Analysis of C. elegans Using RNA Interference2879 Words   |  12 Pagesimportant experiment, do you know what a nematode is? Specifically, this experiment used Caenorhabditis elegans, C. elegans for short. C. elegans is a little worm (just like the kind you find in the ground), but has a very special place in modern biochemistry: scientists have mapped its entire genomic sequence. This sequence lets scientists know the character and location of all C. elegans genes. However, biochemists do not yet fully understand what each gene does and the goal of this experimentRead MoreFor My Final Clone Report, I Choose To Write About T6Dl4.17.Below2757 Words   |  12 Pagesalignments were different for the same protein. 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Australia Competition and Consumer Commission

Question: Discuss about the Australia Competition and Consumer Commission. Answer: Introduction The Australian automotive industry is on its way to lose biggest car manufacturers such as Ford, Toyota, and Holden- a General Motors subsidiary. There are some who blame the Australian local government for the demise. The reason behind the fact is the refusal that the Australian government had once made in the year 2013. The government did not come to the rescue, which was needed to resolve the issues related to the high Australian dollar, shrinking domestic market and the elevated production cost. The existing scenario has already been responsible for several job cuts, which were supplied through reputed brands in the automotive industry. Politicians have expressed their grief concerns over the scenario; however, nothing seems to be happening at the practical level (Williams 2017). However, there are still hopes alive as Tesla has shown its interest in the market. The company is planning to introduce the Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Australia. The concept has a good reception in some other regions such as China, the UK, and France. The governments of the respective countries have supported the concept (ABC News 2017). The paper this investigates the existing and the future state of the automotive industry in Australia. Five forces analysis PESTLE analysis of automotive industry in Australia Political The existing political state is less supportive of the automotive industry. The refusal of the Australian government to rescue the declining automotive industry in 2013 probably supports the same fact. The supports had needed on the increasing value of the Australian dollar that resulted in high costs for the production. Additionally, the supports were also required to avail the relief that has been shaken by the shrinking domestic market. The political parties have expressed their saddened views on the declining industry. Such grief does not look handful at the moment (Williams 2017). However, the future of the automotive industry may witness a change provided the local government shows a changed concern for the same (Wollmann 2012). Economic There are several reasons behind the collapsing automotive industry in Australia. The industry could not take advantage of the economies of scale as the Australian market is very small. Consequently, they had to rely on foreign resources to get the materials as well as the labors. This has worked until the time when trade tariffs were manageable and the value of Australian dollar was also profitable. However, the situation has now changed as the trade tariffs have increased. There is an appreciation in the Australian dollar. Additionally, the unions have demanded higher wages and a better working condition. These are some factors that have hampered the competitiveness of the Australian automotive industry (Swinburne.edu.au 2017). Social Australia is amongst the top nations that have the highest GDP per capita. The fact does state that the Australian population is highly capable of purchasing the cars (Tradingeconomics.com 2017). Additionally, customers purchase cars for their different purposes. They need fun on roads, which is possible through the different transport modes that also include the cars. They also need cars to serve their daily purpose (Shende 2014). The destruction of the automotive industry has in it a very less contribution to the customers. However, the future of cars manufacturing can be brighter provided the country welcomes the Electric Vehicles (EVs). The Australian government was held responsible for the destruction as they did not provide any relief against the identified challenges. Additionally, the common people have in them a very less interest towards the Electric Vehicles (EVs). They are less fascinated by the concept as the customers of other regions are such as China, France, and the UK (Axsen and Kurani 2012). Technological The technological infrastructure has also been influenced by the appreciated value of Australian dollar. The investments have been less in the Research Development (RD) process. The existing technology is about to end. However, Electric Vehicles (EVs) may encourage a revival. This is so because the physical layout, which is involved in the manufacturing of Electric Vehicles have less moving parts. This further means that there will be the fewer requirements of workers. This will help to save on wages expenditures on the workers. This was indeed one of the reasons behind the worrying condition of automotive industry in Australia. The Federal Government needs to support the concept through making investments in the improvement of technology. This can be attained through new plants and the new car manufacturing designs (Roberts and Grover 2012). Environmental The environmental pressure is almost the same in the worldwide automotive industry. This is because of the incrementing greenhouse gas emissions. Such emissions are greatly contributed by the different transporting means. Cars are one of those transporting means. People now have much awareness of the reasons behind the polluting environment. This has brought differences in the existing trend in the automotive industry. Consequently, the major automotive industries have already considered switching to the alternative option that is the Electric Vehicles (EVs). China, France, and the UK are some of those markets. The existing environmental facts are now much in favor of electric vehicles. However, there are doubts in the battery charging stations that are supposed to emit CO2. Despite the fact, the electric vehicles produce comparatively very less CO2 (Zhou, Ou and Zhang 2013). Legal The automotive industry does also need a solid legal support to enhance the manufacturing practices and reduce the few of the existing barriers. There is a need to bring changes in the laws policies to allow customers import their new vehicles directly. There is also the need to revise the state of play in relation to the data of vehicle repair. An analysis is required to monitor the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) involvement in the automotive industry (Richards et al. 2012). Profitability of the industry The industry is towards the end. It has been the place for some of the most reputed car manufacturing brands in the world. Mitsubishi, Ford, Toyota, and Holden- a subsidiary of General Motors had all attracted towards the market (Anaf et al. 2013). The industry could have been profitable for the existing car manufacturers if it has gone the right way. Some factors have contributed to a less competitive environment in Australia. The Australian market is very small to exploit. Additionally, the high labor costs and the union demands for good working conditions were the few factors that hampered its competitiveness. In the Asian region, the labors are available at a wage, which is only one-fourth of the entire labor costs in Australia. The high labor costs and the demands to have a good working condition have both encouraged looking for offshore locations. Such locations were viewed to get the required materials (Barbaro and Spoehr 2014). It was not much a problem until the business environment started to change. The strengthening of the Australian dollar year after year had forced the manufacturers to bear the loss in the form of high expenditures on production. Additionally, they were required to pay high tariffs on imported goods. Dependence on the offshore locations to get the much needed competitive advantage was hit by the incremented trade tariffs (Barbaro and Spoehr 2014). There was no firm support either from the Australian government. They were required to take some initiative to support the automotive industry to help those face the identified challenges. However, many have felt that the local government had shown no such sign of emergency to the identified challenges. Toyota is one of those companies, which has decided not to manufacture the cars in Australia. The company has already announced to shut down its Altona plant. This will impact thousands of workers who were the part of the plant (the Guardian 2017). The industry can be profitable as believed by few experts if it considers the manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This is so because the common peoples perception is moving towards a CO2 free transportation. People nowadays are much more educated on the reasons behind the incrementing greenhouse gas emissions. This has fascinated the concept of electric vehicles. Additionally, the costs of manufacturing can be reduced as electric cars have less moving parts and thereby, this would require fewer workforces. Both the trends and the involved costs are in favor of a drive of the dying automotive industry in Australia (Richardson 2013). Factors driving the profitability The existing scenarios are not much in favor of the car manufacturers. The automotive industry is indeed adding worries to the car manufacturing companies with the passage of time. However, there are some factors as follows, which may supposedly drive the profitability of automotive industry in Australia (Hawkins et al. 2013): There is a response required from the Australian government in terms of providing reliefs against the appreciated value of the dollar and thereby, against the incremented trade tariffs. People living in the country are required to have elevated thoughts for the Electric Vehicles (EVs). EVs have thought to be the future of automotive industry across the globe. Opening up competent plants to support the manufacturing of EVs. The plants are needed to be technologically advanced. This will not only help to produce the EVs but will also help to possess the much needed competitive edge. Expected change in the factors Australias transport domain is responsible for 17.4% of the entire greenhouse gas emission in the country (Australian Greens 2017). The Australian Greens is a project that is formed to respond to the identified urgency. They are a confederation comprising of parties from eight states territory. It serves four key principles such as environmental sustainability, social justice, workers democracy and peace non-violence. The Greens has been in existence for the last 30 years. In course of fulfilling the committed vision, the group has identified the needs for Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Australia. They are also expecting a firm support from the local government in terms of investments in the existing transport infrastructure. The transition from the existing vehicles to the EVs will be possible only if both the confederation and the local government respond to each others needs (Australian Greens 2017). Effect of the change in the industry's profitability The identified change in terms of efforts given to bring the EVs and the expected investments in the automotive infrastructure might bring few changes to the existing automotive industry. The industry will be able to get the EVs, which are the future cars. The EVs will serve the needs of the Green that is committed to lowering the greenhouse gas emission. If it happens this will not only improve the environmental condition but, this will also provide a much-needed revival to the automotive industry (Falahi et al. 2013). The efforts of "the Green" are also expected to drive the local government's interest towards the prospect. A much-needed investment in the automotive industry is expected from the government. If this happens, this will provide the boost to the automotive industry through the manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, there are requirements for the plants that are equipped with advanced technologies. This will help to manufacture EVs in Australia though maintaining the competitiveness as well (Falahi et al. 2013). The efforts of the Green can also be useful in changing the perception of customers for EVs. Electric Vehicles are the future of cars. The rising greenhouse gas emission will add worries to the environment. There are some revivals of the identified threat that also includes the production of EVs. The Australian people are expected to have a changed perception towards the Electric Vehicles (EVs) (ABC News 2017). Conclusion To conclude, the automotive industry in Australia is nearing its end as it is found in the discussion. The existing situation is because of the local government that has supposedly failed to deliver on the needs. There was the need to provide revival against the appreciated nature of Australian dollar and the increased tariffs on trades. These are some factors that have supported an increment in the costs of production. Consequently, Toyota is one of those manufacturers that have planned to shut down its plants. The shutdown of Altona plant of Toyota is one of such examples. Hopefully, if the government of Australia takes serious initiatives for Electric Vehicles (EVs) this might bring a much-needed revival for the car manufacturers. The common people are also required to have a changed perception for the EVs. A change in trend is utterly required to support the production of EVs in future. References ABC News. 2017.Electric cars could be 'new beginning' for Australia's automotive industry. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-18/electric-cars-could-be-new-beginning-for-automotive-industry/9061676 [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. Anaf, J., Newman, L., Baum, F., Ziersch, A. and Jolley, G., 2013. Policy environments and job loss: lived experience of retrenched Australian automotive workers.Critical Social Policy,33(2), pp.325-347. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. 2017.Competition and consumer issues for a changing industry. [online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/speech/competition-and-consumer-issues-for-a-changing-industry [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. Australian Greens. 2017.Accelerating the EV revolution. [online] Available at: https://greens.org.au/ev-revolution [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Axsen, J. and Kurani, K.S., 2012. Social influence, consumer behavior, and low-carbon energy transitions.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,37, pp.311-340. Barbaro, B. and Spoehr, J. 2014.Closing the motor vehicle industry: The impact on Australia. Australian Workplace Innovation and Social Research Centre (WISeR) the National Institute of Economic Industry Research (NIEIR), The University of Adelaide. Falahi, M., Chou, H.M., Ehsani, M., Xie, L. and Butler-Purry, K.L., 2013. Potential power quality benefits of electric vehicles.IEEE Transactions on sustainable energy,4(4), pp.1016-1023. Hawkins, T.R., Singh, B., Majeau?Bettez, G. and Strmman, A.H., 2013. Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles.Journal of Industrial Ecology,17(1), pp.53-64. Richards, C., Lawrence, G., Loong, M. and Burch, D., 2012. A toothless chihuahua? The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, neoliberalism and supermarket power in Australia.Rural Society,21(3), pp.250-263. Richardson, D.B., 2013. Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,19, pp.247-254. Roberts, N. and Grover, V., 2012. Leveraging information technology infrastructure to facilitate a firm's customer agility and competitive activity: An empirical investigation.Journal of Management Information Systems,28(4), pp.231-270. Shende, V., 2014. Analysis of research in consumer behavior of automobile passenger car customer.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(2), p.1. Swinburne.edu.au. 2017.Collapse of Australian car manufacturing industry. [online] Available at: https://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/10/collapse-of-australian-car-manufacturing-industry-.php [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. the Guardian. 2017.Toyota shuts Altona plant and leaves thousands out of work. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/03/toyota-shuts-altona-plant-and-leaves-thousands-out-of-work [Accessed 9 Dec. 2017]. Tradingeconomics.com. 2017.Australia GDP per capita PPP | 1990-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar. [online] Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-per-capita-ppp [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. Williams, J. 2017.Australia Mourns the End of Its Car Manufacturing Industry. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/world/australia/holden-automaker-factory-closes.html [Accessed 8 Dec. 2017]. Wollmann, H., 2012. Local government reforms in (seven) European countries: between convergent and divergent, conflicting and complementary developments.Local Government Studies,38(1), pp.41-70. Zhou, G., Ou, X. and Zhang, X., 2013. Development of electric vehicles use in China: A study from the perspective of life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Energy Policy,59, pp.875-884.